This content is sourced from “Gynecological Endocrinology Made Easy” Volume 5
Common sequelae of POI include infertility, cardiovascular diseases, urogenital atrophy, osteoporosis, and sexual dysfunction. The main causes of iatrogenic POI include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery.
In terms of cardiac disease risk, spontaneous POI is associated with an increased risk of death from ischemic heart disease and cardiovascular diseases, with HRs of 1.69 and 1.61 respectively. Furthermore, POI caused by ovarian removal is more harmful than spontaneous POI, early menopause (menopause before age 45), and natural menopause. Women who have undergone hysterectomy for benign diseases while preserving their ovaries have a lower risk of hospitalization for ischemic heart disease and cancer compared to those who had bilateral oophorectomy, with HRs of 0.85 and 0.83 respectively. Although oophorectomy reduces the incidence risk of ovarian and breast cancer, preserving the ovaries is beneficial in lowering mortality rates from lung and colon cancer.[133] Compared to natural menopause after age 45, undergoing oophorectomy before age 40 increases the risk of ischemic heart disease in women with POI and spontaneous POI, with HRs of 8.7 and 2.2 respectively. The mortality rate of women who undergo bilateral oophorectomy before age 45 is higher than those who undergo it after age 45[135] (HR 1.67). Early menopause increases the risk of heart failure[136] (HR 1.66, also reported as HR 1.40). Women with bilateral oophorectomy and early menopause have a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases compared to those with natural menopause, with RR values of 4.55 and 1.38 respectively. As time since menopause increases, the risk of ischemic heart disease and heart failure decreases, thus using HRT after oophorectomy may reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease caused by POI.
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Copyright Statement
This article is from “Gynecological Endocrinology Made Easy” Volume 5, authored by Li Yan and Jia Tong, with all rights reserved by the authors. The Chinese Obstetrics and Gynecology Network is authorized by the authors to promote this article.
Author Introduction
Li Yan and Jia Tong are the executive editor and deputy editor respectively of the gynecological endocrinology channel of the Chinese Obstetrics and Gynecology Network. They have produced approximately 300 lecture videos and compiled around 500 case Q&As, with an approximate viewership of 4 million, and currently have over 40,000 audience members.
The two authors have published a series of five books titled “Gynecological Endocrinology Made Easy”; they have also published one book for popular science in gynecological endocrinology: “Common ‘Secrets’ of Gynecological Endocrinology”, published by the People’s Health Publishing House.
Expert Introduction
Li Yan
Nickname: Ming Yue, Director of the Reproductive Endocrinology Department, Adolescent Health Department, and Geriatric Health Department at Taiyuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital.
Social Positions: Executive Member of the Reproductive Endocrinology Committee of the Chinese Medical Education Association, Executive Member of the Menopause Education Training Center of the Reproductive Endocrinology Committee of the Chinese Medical Education Association, Project Guiding Expert for the “Everyone Health Public Welfare Tour in China” of the China Women’s Development Foundation, Executive Member of the Endocrinology Branch of the Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Society, Member of the Medical Popular Science Writing Committee of the Chinese Association of Science Writers, Vice President of the Shanxi Province Association of Science Writers, Vice President of the Medical Popular Science Writing Branch of the Shanxi Province Association of Science Writers, Deputy Chair of the Science Popularization Committee of the Shanxi Province Association of Women Physicians, Executive Vice President of the Taiyuan Women Physicians Association, Executive Member of the Medical Branch of the Shanxi Province Scholars Association, Executive Member of the Reproductive and Genetic Committee of the Shanxi Province Association of Women Physicians, and Executive Member of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Committee of the Shanxi Province Association of Women Physicians, as well as Executive Member of the Women’s Reproductive Endocrinology Expert Committee of the Shanxi Province Maternal and Child Health Association, Executive Director of the Shanxi Province Association for the Promotion of Reproductive Health, Expert of the Provincial Health Education Expert Committee, Expert of the Taiyuan Health Education Expert Committee, and Expert of the Shanxi Province Association for Science and Technology.
Expert Introduction
Jia Tong
Genetic Consultant, Health Manager, online name: Big Fox Dance. Mainly engaged in reproductive health and infertility specialties, conducting gynecological endocrinology and infertility diagnosis and treatment work, applying a co-diagnosis and co-treatment model and integrating Chinese and Western medicine methods, expanding the excellent birth project. Actively conducts academic exchanges and organizes three sessions of continuing education related to gynecological endocrinology in the form of “Internet+”. Participated in one international cooperation project between China and the United States and four municipal-level projects.
Social Positions: Including Member of the Reproductive Health Committee of the Suzhou Preventive Medicine Association, Member of the Chinese and Western Medicine Reproductive Medicine Committee of Suzhou, Member of the Fertility Protection Branch of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Member of the Reproductive Endocrinology Committee of the Chinese Medical Education Association, Member of the Menopause Education Training Center of the Chinese Medical Education Association, and Member of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Division of the China Medical Healthcare International Exchange Promotion Association.
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“Endocrinology Made Easy“
Official Purchase Channel for the Book
The sixth volume of “Gynecological Endocrinology Made Easy” has finally been published! Please note that the only legitimate purchasing channel for the series is through the QR code below; other channels are pirated.
Due to a printing error, the cover of this sixth volume is printed as the fifth volume, but the cover design is different from 2017. This volume has a blue cover, while the 2017 edition had a pink cover. Readers are advised to pay attention and kindly understand.
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